<p>&#272;&#7891;ng s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, &#273;ang k&ecirc;u g&#7885;i c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng Layer 2 (L2) xem x&eacute;t l&#7841;i chi&#7871;n l&#432;&#7907;c c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh. Anh nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng L2 &#273;&atilde; gi&#7843;m m&#7841;nh &ndash; t&#7915; 58.4 tri&#7879;u xu&#7889;ng kho&#7843;ng 30 tri&#7879;u &ndash; ngay c&#7843; khi m&#7841;ng ch&iacute;nh Ethereum t&#259;ng h&#417;n g&#7845;p &#273;&ocirc;i s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7883;a ch&#7881; &#273;ang ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng.</p>
<p>Thay &#273;&#7893;i n&agrave;y di&#7877;n ra khi m&#7841;ng ch&iacute;nh Ethereum l&#7841;i cho th&#7845;y s&#7913;c m&#7841;nh b&#7845;t ng&#7901;. Ph&iacute; giao d&#7883;ch hi&#7879;n &#273;ang &#7903; m&#7913;c th&#7845;p k&#7927; l&#7909;c, v&agrave; c&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia d&#7921; b&aacute;o h&#7841;n m&#7913;c gas s&#7869; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#259;ng &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2026. Nh&#7901; v&#7853;y, l&#7899;p c&#417; s&#7903; c&#7911;a Ethereum hi&#7879;n c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7921; x&#7917; l&yacute; kh&#7889;i l&#432;&#7907;ng giao d&#7883;ch l&#7899;n h&#417;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-layer-2-s-original-purpose-fades">M&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ban &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a layer 2 d&#7847;n phai nh&#7841;t</h2>

<p>Trong m&#7897;t <a href="https://x.com/VitalikButerin/status/2018711006394843585" target="_blank" rel="noopener">b&agrave;i &#273;&#259;ng chi ti&#7871;t</a>, Buterin cho r&#7857;ng t&#7847;m nh&igrave;n ban &#273;&#7847;u v&#7873; Layer 2 &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n l&#7895;i th&#7901;i. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y, c&aacute;c L2 &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7923; v&#7885;ng s&#7869; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;c &ldquo;shard c&oacute; th&#432;&#417;ng hi&#7879;u&rdquo; &#273;&#7875; t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng cho Ethereum trong b&#7889;i c&#7843;nh m&#7841;ng ch&iacute;nh b&#7883; gi&#7899;i h&#7841;n v&#7873; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng m&#7903; r&#7897;ng. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, Ethereum Layer 1 &#273;&atilde; x&#7917; l&yacute; giao d&#7883;ch v&#7899;i chi ph&iacute; r&#7845;t th&#7845;p, ch&#432;a k&#7875; k&#7871; ho&#7841;ch t&#259;ng m&#7913;c gas s&#7869; c&ograve;n m&#7903; r&#7897;ng th&ecirc;m n&#259;ng l&#7921;c c&#7911;a m&#7841;ng. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i, nhi&#7873;u d&#7921; &aacute;n Layer 2 c&#361;ng <a href="https://vn.beincrypto.com/defi-faces-a-token-storm-as-wallets-and-l2s-plan-major-launches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">g&#7863;p kh&oacute; kh&#259;n trong vi&#7879;c &#273;&#7841;t chu&#7849;n b&#7843;o m&#7853;t h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7847;u</a>, v&agrave; ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &ldquo;stage 2 rollup&rdquo; v&#7851;n r&#7845;t th&aacute;ch th&#7913;c.</p>
<p>D&#7919; li&#7879;u t&#7915; <a href="https://tokenterminal.com/explorer/markets/blockchains-l2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TokenTerminal</a> cho th&#7845;y s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7883;a ch&#7881; Layer 2 h&agrave;ng th&aacute;ng &#273;&atilde; gi&#7843;m t&#7915; 58.4 tri&#7879;u v&agrave;o gi&#7919;a n&#259;m 2025 xu&#7889;ng c&ograve;n kho&#7843;ng 30 tri&#7879;u v&agrave;o th&aacute;ng 02/2026. Trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian n&agrave;y, m&#7841;ng ch&iacute;nh Ethereum l&#7841;i c&oacute; th&ecirc;m ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng &ndash; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7883;a ch&#7881; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng t&#259;ng v&#7885;t t&#7915; 7 tri&#7879;u l&ecirc;n 15 tri&#7879;u, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng t&#259;ng 41.4%. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y cho th&#7845;y ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng &#273;ang quay l&#7841;i v&#7899;i chu&#7895;i ch&iacute;nh khi ph&iacute; giao d&#7883;ch gi&#7843;m s&acirc;u.</p>
<p>Buterin c&#361;ng l&#432;u &yacute; r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; v&#7853;n h&agrave;nh Layer 2 th&#7915;a nh&#7853;n c&oacute; th&#7875; h&#7885; s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901; h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;&#7871;n ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &ldquo;stage 2 rollup ho&agrave;n ch&#7881;nh&rdquo;. Thay v&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;, h&#7885; t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o c&aacute;c y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u ph&aacute;p l&yacute;, c&#7847;n ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i. C&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n n&agrave;y &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng phi t&#7853;p trung, kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n quy&#7873;n cho ph&eacute;p &ndash; v&#7889;n l&agrave; gi&aacute; tr&#7883; c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a Ethereum.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-market-adjusts-to-uncertainty">Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh tr&#432;&#7899;c s&#7921; b&#7845;t &#7893;n</h2>

<p>Th&#7883; tr&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&atilde; ph&#7843;n &#7913;ng &#273;&#7847;y ho&agrave;i nghi tr&#432;&#7899;c &ldquo;kh&#7911;ng ho&#7843;ng nh&#7853;n d&#7841;ng&rdquo; n&agrave;y. C&aacute;c token h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7847;u Layer 2 &#273;&#7873;u gi&#7843;m 15% &#273;&#7871;n 30% trong th&aacute;ng 01/2026, theo s&#7889; li&#7879;u t&#7915; <a href="https://www.coingecko.com/en/categories/layer-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CoinGecko</a>. T&#7893;ng v&#7889;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a l&#297;nh v&#7921;c n&agrave;y hi&#7879;n ch&#7881; &#273;&#7841;t 7.95 t&#7927; USD v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 04/02/2026, cho th&#7845;y xu h&#432;&#7899;ng y&#7871;u &#273;i r&otilde; r&#7879;t.</p>
<p>C&aacute;c token n&#7893;i b&#7853;t nh&#432; Arbitrum (0.13211 USD), ZKsync (0.02327 USD) v&agrave; Optimism (0.2192 USD) &#273;&#7873;u ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh n&agrave;y. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; n&agrave;y ch&#7881; che gi&#7845;u v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; s&acirc;u xa h&#417;n: khi m&#7841;ng Layer 1 c&#7911;a Ethereum d&#7877; ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n v&agrave; an to&agrave;n h&#417;n, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng s&#7869; ch&#7885;n m&#7841;ng ch&iacute;nh thay v&igrave; L2. Vai tr&ograve; ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m chi ph&iacute; c&#7911;a Layer 2 m&#7901; nh&#7841;t d&#7847;n, bu&#7897;c c&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;i ng&#361; ph&#7843;i c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c l&#7841;i s&#7913; m&#7879;nh c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh trong h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i.</p>
<p>Thay &#273;&#7893;i h&agrave;nh vi kh&aacute; r&otilde; r&agrave;ng: khi ph&iacute; giao d&#7883;ch gi&#7843;m, ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng &#432;u ti&ecirc;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng chu&#7895;i ch&iacute;nh. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;i ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i d&#7921; &#273;o&aacute;n tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute; r&#7857;ng &#273;a s&#7889; giao d&#7883;ch nh&#7887; l&#7867; s&#7869; d&ugrave;ng Layer 2. Hi&#7879;n t&#7841;i, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; cao &#273;&#7897; b&#7843;o m&#7853;t v&agrave; s&#7921; &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n c&#7911;a Layer 1 khi c&aacute;c r&agrave;o c&#7843;n d&#7847;n bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-vitalik-buterin-s-roadmap-for-layer-2">L&#7897; tr&igrave;nh ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n Layer 2 c&#7911;a Vitalik Buterin</h2>

<p>Buterin &#273;&#432;a ra l&#7901;i khuy&ecirc;n cho c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng Layer 2 n&ecirc;n t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m gi&aacute; tr&#7883; m&#7899;i ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c m&#7903; r&#7897;ng quy m&ocirc;. Anh g&#7907;i &yacute; nh&#7919;ng l&#297;nh v&#7921;c ti&#7873;m n&#259;ng nh&#432; m&aacute;y &#7843;o t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o b&#7843;o m&#7853;t ri&ecirc;ng t&#432;, chuy&ecirc;n m&ocirc;n h&oacute;a cho t&#7915;ng &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng c&#7909; th&#7875; ho&#7863;c h&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i m&#7899;i cho c&aacute;c n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng phi t&agrave;i ch&iacute;nh nh&#432; m&#7841;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i, h&#7879; th&#7889;ng &#273;&#7883;nh danh.</p>
<blockquote class="max-w-xl text-4.5 border-l-2 border-blue-600 pl-11 mb-9 select-all [&amp;_p]:!mb-0 wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p>&ldquo;N&#7871;u h&ocirc;m nay t&ocirc;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t d&#7921; &aacute;n L2, t&ocirc;i s&#7869; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n t&#7841;o ra gi&aacute; tr&#7883; ngo&agrave;i &lsquo;m&#7903; r&#7897;ng quy m&ocirc;&rsquo;. V&iacute; d&#7909;: c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh n&#259;ng/m&aacute;y &#7843;o kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i EVM t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o quy&#7873;n ri&ecirc;ng t&#432;, t&#7889;i &#432;u hi&#7879;u su&#7845;t cho t&#7915;ng &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng, m&#7903; r&#7897;ng quy m&ocirc; &#7903; m&#7913;c c&#7921;c &#273;oan m&agrave; c&#7843; Layer 1 m&#7903; r&#7897;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&aacute;p &#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, ho&#7863;c n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng thi&#7871;t k&#7871; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n m&#7899;i d&agrave;nh cho &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng phi t&agrave;i ch&iacute;nh nh&#432; m&#7841;ng x&atilde; h&#7897;i, &#273;&#7883;nh danh, AI.&rdquo;</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Buterin nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh nh&#7919;ng Layer 2 n&agrave;o qu&#7843;n l&yacute; ETH ho&#7863;c t&agrave;i s&#7843;n kh&aacute;c tr&ecirc;n Ethereum ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&#7843;o m&#7853;t &iacute;t nh&#7845;t &#7903; m&#7913;c stage 1. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng, ch&uacute;ng s&#7869; th&agrave;nh c&aacute;c blockchain &#273;&#7897;c l&#7853;p, ch&#7881; li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i Ethereum qua c&#7847;u n&#7889;i, kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n &#273;&oacute;ng vai tr&ograve; m&#7903; r&#7897;ng cho Ethereum n&#7919;a. B&ecirc;n c&#7841;nh &#273;&oacute;, anh c&#361;ng &#7911;ng h&#7897; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&aacute;c m&#7841;nh m&#7869;, tuy nhi&ecirc;n chi ti&#7871;t s&#7869; ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o c&#7845;u tr&uacute;c t&#7915;ng m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i.</p>
<p>Theo Buterin, m&#7897;t &ldquo;native rollup precompile&rdquo; s&#7869; l&agrave; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u. C&ocirc;ng c&#7909; n&agrave;y gi&uacute;p Ethereum x&aacute;c th&#7921;c b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ZK-EVM tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p, b&#7855;t k&#7883;p c&aacute;c thay &#273;&#7893;i c&#7911;a giao th&#7913;c v&agrave; b&#7843;o v&#7879; tr&#432;&#7899;c c&aacute;c &#273;&#7907;t hard-fork. Nh&#7901; v&#7853;y, c&aacute;c Layer 2 c&oacute; th&#7875; thi&#7871;t k&#7871; gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p ri&ecirc;ng bi&#7879;t m&agrave; v&#7851;n an t&acirc;m d&#7921;a v&agrave;o l&#7899;p x&aacute;c th&#7921;c b&#7843;o m&#7853;t c&#7911;a Ethereum.</p>
<p>T&#7847;m nh&igrave;n linh ho&#7841;t n&agrave;y cho ph&eacute;p t&#7891;n t&#7841;i nhi&#7873;u m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh Layer 2 kh&aacute;c nhau. C&aacute;c m&#7841;ng m&#7903; r&#7897;ng EVM c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng precompile cho giao d&#7883;ch ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n v&agrave; t&#7841;o b&#7857;ng ch&#7913;ng ri&ecirc;ng cho c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh n&#259;ng b&#7893; sung. S&#7921; linh ho&#7841;t n&agrave;y h&#7895; tr&#7907; nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n t&iacute;ch h&#7907;p tin c&#7853;y v&#7899;i Ethereum, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7919; quy&#7873;n ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t trung t&acirc;m n&#7871;u mu&#7889;n. Theo Buterin, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n trong m&#7897;t h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i kh&ocirc;ng c&#7847;n ph&eacute;p.</p>
<p>Khi l&#7899;p c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a Ethereum ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n n&#259;m 2026, Layer 2 ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i th&aacute;ch th&#7913;c l&#7899;n. D&#7919; li&#7879;u x&aacute;c nh&#7853;n ng&#432;&#7901;i d&ugrave;ng s&#7869; l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n b&#7843;o m&#7853;t c&#7911;a mainnet khi &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; kh&#7843; thi. Layer 2 c&#7847;n mang &#273;&#7871;n l&yacute; do th&#7853;t s&#7921; h&#7845;p d&#7851;n cho nh&agrave; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; nh&#7887; l&#7867; &ndash; kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i &#7903; vi&#7879;c ti&#7871;t ki&#7879;m chi ph&iacute;. &#272;&aacute;p &aacute;n c&oacute; th&#7875; n&#7857;m &#7903; c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; b&#7843;o m&#7853;t n&acirc;ng cao, m&aacute;y &#7843;o th&#7871; h&#7879; m&#7899;i ho&#7863;c nh&#7919;ng &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng ri&ecirc;ng bi&#7879;t. H&#432;&#7899;ng &#273;i m&agrave; Layer 2 ch&#7885;n s&#7869; g&oacute;p ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7883;nh h&igrave;nh t&#432;&#417;ng lai c&#7911;a to&agrave;n h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i Ethereum.</p>


Vitalik Buterin kêu gọi hướng đi mới khi mức sử dụng Ethereum Layer 2 giảm 50%