<p>M&#7895;i ng&agrave;y, h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c m&#7899;i tham gia v&agrave;o c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng blockchain, v&agrave; c&aacute;c ti&ecirc;u &#273;&#7873; ca ng&#7907;i &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y nh&#432; l&agrave; &ldquo;t&#259;ng c&#432;&#7901;ng phi t&#7853;p trung h&oacute;a.&rdquo; S&#7921; tham gia staking c&#7911;a Ethereum &#273;&atilde; t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n 30% t&#7893;ng cung, v&#7899;i kho&#7843;ng  <a href="https://dune.com/hildobby/eth2-staking" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">36 tri&#7879;u</a> ETH (~154 t&#7927; USD) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c staking, trong khi Solana &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n l&ecirc;n  <a href="https://solana.com/news/network-health-report-june-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,248</a> ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c tr&ecirc;n 45+ qu&#7889;c gia.&nbsp;</p>
<p>M&#7863;c d&ugrave; c&oacute; s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng n&agrave;y, qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c v&#7851;n l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng, thu th&#7853;p ph&#7847;n th&#432;&#7903;ng trong khi &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p r&#7845;t &iacute;t cho h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Trong khi &#273;&oacute;, quy&#7873;n l&#7921;c th&#7921;c s&#7921; t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o &iacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#417;n bao gi&#7901; h&#7871;t, cho th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o phi t&#7853;p trung h&oacute;a c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-the-problem-with-passive-validation">V&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&#7899;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng</h2>

<p>Trong khi c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i &#259;n m&#7915;ng t&#7927; l&#7879; tham gia &#7845;n t&#432;&#7907;ng, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p g&igrave; ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c x&#7917; l&yacute; giao d&#7883;ch. C&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng n&agrave;y t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t s&#7889; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i nhau, l&agrave;m suy y&#7871;u c&#417; b&#7843;n s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e c&#7911;a c&aacute;c h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i blockchain.</p>
<p>Qu&#7843;n tr&#7883; m&#7841;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng ti&#7871;n h&agrave;nh v&#7899;i s&#7921; tham gia t&#7889;i thi&#7875;u c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; b&#7843;o v&#7879;. C&aacute;c d&#7883;ch v&#7909; thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u nh&#432; RPCs, c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c v&#7851;n b&#7883; thi&#7871;u kinh ph&iacute; nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng khi ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c coi h&agrave;ng h&oacute;a c&ocirc;ng c&#7897;ng l&agrave; &ldquo;tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c.&rdquo; Trong khi &#273;&oacute;, c&aacute;c n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p giao th&#7913;c g&#7863;p ph&#7843;i s&#7921; ch&#7853;m tr&#7877; trong vi&#7879;c tri&#7875;n khai v&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng thi&#7871;u s&#7921; tinh th&ocirc;ng k&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&#7875; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; c&aacute;c &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p ho&#7863;c &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p v&agrave;o s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a m&#7841;ng.</p>
<p>Nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t v&ograve;ng lu&#7849;n qu&#7849;n, n&#417;i s&#7913;c kh&#7887;e m&#7841;ng suy gi&#7843;m &#273;&#7849;y l&ugrave;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c, &#273;&#7875; l&#7841;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c t&#7853;p trung v&agrave;o l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y.&nbsp;</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-the-illusion-of-decentralization">&#7842;o t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7873; phi t&#7853;p trung</h2>

<p>H&agrave;ng tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c c&#7911;a Ethereum g&#7907;i &yacute; v&#7873; s&#7921; phi t&#7853;p trung m&#7841;nh m&#7869;, nh&#432;ng Coinbase v&agrave; Lido qu&#7843;n l&yacute; 27.7% ETH &#273;&#432;&#7907;c staking trong khi <a href="https://beincrypto.com/learn/best-ethereum-etfs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c&aacute;c qu&#7929; ETF c&#7911;a M&#7929; &#273;ang t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng</a> v&#7873; s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng ETF ph&aacute;t h&agrave;nh. H&#417;n n&#7919;a, khi Ethereum Merge &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n, ch&#7881; c&oacute; 15,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c trong s&#7889; h&#417;n 400,000 ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c x&aacute;c th&#7921;c testnet.</p>
<p>Nh&#7919;ng th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; n&agrave;y ch&#7913;ng minh r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i &#259;n m&#7915;ng s&#7921; gia t&#259;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t gi&#7919;a nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c v&agrave;o h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng. K&#7871;t qu&#7843; l&agrave; s&#7921; phi t&#7853;p trung b&#7873; m&#7863;t che gi&#7845;u s&#7921; ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t b&#7903;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; &iacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ch&#417;i m&#7841;nh m&#7869;.</p>
<p>Hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng restaking minh h&#7885;a ho&agrave;n h&#7843;o c&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o ra c&#417; h&#7897;i cho c&aacute;c gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p t&#7853;p trung l&#7845;p &#273;&#7847;y kho&#7843;ng tr&#7889;ng. Kh&#7843; n&#259;ng c&#7911;a EigenLayer thu h&uacute;t h&#417;n 19 t&#7927; USD b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch cho ph&eacute;p &ldquo;ti&#7879;n &iacute;ch b&#7893; sung&rdquo; cho t&agrave;i s&#7843;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c staking ti&#7871;t l&#7897; r&#7857;ng h&#7847;u h&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c ban &#273;&#7847;u cung c&#7845;p r&#7845;t &iacute;t ti&#7879;n &iacute;ch. Ch&uacute;ng ta th&#7921;c s&#7921; c&oacute; h&agrave;ng t&#7927; trong b&#7843;o m&#7853;t kinh t&#7871; ti&#7873;n &#273;i&#7879;n t&#7917; ng&#7891;i kh&ocirc;ng v&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y &#273;&#7897;ng l&#7921;c &#273;&#7875; &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c tham gia &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#417; b&#7843;n.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-framework-for-active-validation">Khung l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c cho x&aacute;c th&#7921;c ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng</h2>

<p>&#272;&#7875; gi&#7843;i quy&#7871;t nh&#7919;ng v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&agrave;y, ch&uacute;ng ta c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i t&aacute;i t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng c&#417; b&#7843;n &yacute; ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c x&aacute;c th&#7921;c ngo&agrave;i vi&#7879;c x&#7917; l&yacute; giao d&#7883;ch &#273;&#417;n gi&#7843;n.</p>
<p>Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c tinh vi nh&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng ch&#7881; b&#7843;o v&#7879; m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i, h&#7885; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ki&#7871;n tr&uacute;c s&#432; h&#7841; t&#7847;ng, x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; v&agrave; d&#7883;ch v&#7909; m&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia kh&aacute;c ph&#7909; thu&#7897;c v&agrave;o. C&aacute;ch ti&#7871;p c&#7853;n n&agrave;y t&#7841;o ra c&aacute;c v&ograve;ng ph&#7843;n h&#7891;i t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c, n&#417;i s&#7921; xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t thu h&uacute;t nhi&#7873;u t&agrave;i n&#259;ng &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&#417;n, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&#7841;i cho ph&eacute;p ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n giao th&#7913;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c ph&acirc;n bi&#7879;t m&igrave;nh qua m&#7897;t s&#7889; l&#297;nh v&#7921;c &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p ch&iacute;nh:</p>
<ol class="bic-gutenberg-list wp-list list-decimal list-inside ">
<li>L&atilde;nh &#273;&#7841;o h&#7841; t&#7847;ng: V&#7853;n h&agrave;nh c&aacute;c d&#7883;ch v&#7909; quan tr&#7885;ng nh&#432; RPCs, l&#432;u tr&#7919; v&agrave; c&ocirc;ng c&#7909; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n. H&#7895; tr&#7907; c&#7847;u n&#7889;i chu&#7895;i ch&eacute;o v&agrave; duy tr&igrave; t&agrave;i li&#7879;u ch&#7845;t l&#432;&#7907;ng cao.</li>

<li>Xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c trong qu&#7843;n tr&#7883;: Nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u c&aacute;c &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t v&#7899;i l&yacute; do chi ti&#7871;t. Tham gia v&agrave;o c&aacute;c cu&#7897;c th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng v&agrave; th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y c&#7843;i ti&#7871;n m&#7841;ng c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a.</li>

<li>Ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i: H&#7895; tr&#7907; vi&#7879;c gi&#7899;i thi&#7879;u nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n, c&aacute;c s&aacute;ng ki&#7871;n gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c v&agrave; h&#7907;p t&aacute;c trong khi &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p v&agrave;o n&#7895; l&#7921;c ti&#7871;p th&#7883; v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng.</li>

<li>&#272;&#7893;i m&#7899;i k&#7929; thu&#7853;t: Tham gia v&agrave;o testnet v&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u giao th&#7913;c. X&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; m&#7841;ng s&#7899;m v&agrave; h&#7895; tr&#7907; c&aacute;c t&iacute;nh n&#259;ng n&acirc;ng cao nh&#432; giao th&#7913;c restaking.</li>
</ol>

<p>D&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng n&agrave;y, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c c&#7911;a ng&agrave;y mai s&#7869; hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng s&#7921; xu&#7845;t s&#7855;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t ch&#7881; l&agrave; y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u c&#417; b&#7843;n. T&#432;&#417;ng lai thu&#7897;c v&#7873; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i th&ocirc;ng qua &#273;&oacute;ng g&oacute;p t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c thay v&igrave; ch&#7881; t&igrave;m ki&#7871;m l&#7907;i nhu&#7853;n.</p>
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">Con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng ph&iacute;a tr&#432;&#7899;c</h2>

<p>C&aacute;c giao th&#7913;c cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng s&#7869; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng giao th&#7913;c c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c nh&#7845;t, m&agrave; l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng giao th&#7913;c c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i x&aacute;c th&#7921;c th&#7921;c s&#7921; &#273;&#7847;u t&#432; v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a. S&#7921; ti&#7871;n h&oacute;a t&#7915; staking th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng sang x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c th&#7875; hi&#7879;n r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng phi t&#7853;p trung c&oacute; th&#7875; v&#432;&#7907;t tr&#7897;i h&#417;n c&aacute;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng khi nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i tham gia &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7855;p x&#7871;p v&agrave; &#273;&#7897;ng vi&ecirc;n &#273;&uacute;ng c&aacute;ch.</p>
<p>C&aacute;c m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng trong vi&#7879;c chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7893;i n&agrave;y s&#7869; thu h&uacute;t nh&#7919;ng nh&agrave; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng t&agrave;i n&#259;ng nh&#7845;t v&agrave; v&#7889;n th&ocirc;ng minh, tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng cho th&#7871; h&#7879; &#7913;ng d&#7909;ng phi t&#7853;p trung ti&#7871;p theo.</p>
<p>Trong khi &#273;&oacute;, nh&#7919;ng m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i b&aacute;m v&agrave;o c&aacute;c m&ocirc; h&igrave;nh c&#361; c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c th&#432;&#7903;ng cho s&#7921; tham gia th&#7909; &#273;&#7897;ng s&#7869; th&#7845;y m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i c&#7911;a h&#7885; d&#7847;n b&#7883; v&#432;&#7907;t qua khi s&#7921; &#273;&#7893;i m&#7899;i chuy&#7875;n h&#432;&#7899;ng sang c&aacute;c l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n t&iacute;ch c&#7921;c h&#417;n.</p>


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