Kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n Ethereum l&agrave; Prysm cho bi&#7871;t c&aacute;c validator &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; &ldquo;b&#7887; l&#7905;&rdquo; 382 ETH, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng h&#417;n 1 tri&#7879;u USD, sau khi m&#7897;t l&#7895;i ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; m&#7841;ng ch&#7881; sau b&#7843;n n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p Fusaka g&#7847;n &#273;&acirc;y.
S&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y chi ti&#7871;t trong b&aacute;o c&aacute;o h&#7853;u ki&#7875;m mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;S&#7921; c&#7889; Prysm tr&ecirc;n mainnet Fusaka&rdquo;, b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n nh&#432; to&agrave;n b&#7897; node Prysm b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng, khi&#7871;n m&#7845;t block v&agrave; attestation.
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-what-caused-prysm-s-outage">&#272;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; ng&#7915;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a Prysm?</h2>

Theo Offchain Labs, nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7913;ng sau Prysm, v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 04/12/2023 khi m&#7897;t bug t&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#7853;m tr&#7877; trong vi&#7879;c g&#7917;i y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u t&#7915; validator.
Nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ch&#7853;m tr&#7877; n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t block c&ugrave;ng c&aacute;c attestation tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n m&#7841;ng b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905;.
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&ldquo;C&aacute;c node beacon c&#7911;a Prysm &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng attestation t&#7915; c&aacute;c node c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7891;ng b&#7897; v&#7899;i m&#7841;ng. Nh&#7919;ng attestation n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n block root c&#7911;a epoch tr&#432;&#7899;c,&rdquo; d&#7921; &aacute;n gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch.
</blockquote>

S&#7921; c&#7889; khi&#7871;n m&#7841;ng Ethereum b&#7883; m&#7845;t 41 epoch, v&#7899;i t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng 248 block b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905; tr&ecirc;n t&#7893;ng s&#7889; 1,344 slot. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng t&#7927; l&#7879; slot b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905; l&agrave; 18.5% v&agrave; khi&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; tham gia c&#7911;a m&#7841;ng gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng c&ograve;n 75% trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh di&#7877;n ra l&#7895;i.
Offchain Labs cho bi&#7871;t l&#7895;i g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a l&ecirc;n testnet kho&#7843;ng 1 th&aacute;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c, r&#7891;i m&#7899;i b&#7883; k&iacute;ch ho&#7841;t tr&ecirc;n mainnet <a href="https://vn.beincrypto.com/ethereum-fusaka-upgrade-changes-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sau b&#7843;n n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p Fusaka</a>.
D&ugrave; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; c&aacute;c gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p t&#7841;m th&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u, Prysm cho bi&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; b&#7893; sung c&aacute;c thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#297;nh vi&#7877;n v&agrave;o logic x&aacute;c th&#7921;c attestation, &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o l&#7895;i n&agrave;y s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng t&aacute;i di&#7877;n.
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-ethereum-s-client-diversity">&#272;a d&#7841;ng client c&#7911;a Ethereum</h2>

Trong khi &#273;&oacute;, s&#7921; c&#7889; n&agrave;y m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a khi&#7871;n c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; <a href="https://beincrypto.com/ethereum-client-incentive-program-launched-reward-developers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">t&#7853;p trung h&oacute;a c&aacute;c client tr&ecirc;n Ethereum </a>v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro khi ch&#7881; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m duy nh&#7845;t.
Offchain Labs nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh, s&#7921; c&#7889; c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; c&ograve;n nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n n&#7871;u Prysm chi&#7871;m t&#7927; l&#7879; validator l&#7899;n h&#417;n trong <a href="https://vn.beincrypto.com/ethereum-staking-validator-power-highly-centralized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i validator c&#7911;a Ethereum</a>. H&#7885; c&#361;ng nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng s&#7921; &#273;a d&#7841;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c client tr&ecirc;n Ethereum l&agrave; y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng gi&uacute;p ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n s&#7921; c&#7889; lan r&#7897;ng h&#417;n trong to&agrave;n m&#7841;ng.
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&ldquo;N&#7871;u m&#7897;t client chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 1/3 m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i, c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; khi&#7871;n x&#7843;y ra m&#7845;t finality t&#7841;m th&#7901;i v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u block b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905;. N&#7871;u bug xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n tr&ecirc;n m&#7897;t client chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 2/3, to&agrave;n b&#7897; chain c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; finalize sai,&rdquo; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; trong b&aacute;o c&aacute;o.
</blockquote>

D&ugrave; c&oacute; gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p gi&#7843;m nh&#7865;, s&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y v&#7851;n khi&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u &yacute; ki&#7871;n k&ecirc;u g&#7885;i c&#7847;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o s&#7921; &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&oacute;a c&aacute;c client.
Th&ocirc;ng tin t&#7915; Miga Labs cho th&#7845;y Lighthouse hi&#7879;n l&agrave; <a href="https://beincrypto.com/learn/a-deeper-look-into-the-ethereum-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">client &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n Ethereum</a> chi&#7871;m &#432;u th&#7871; v&#7899;i 51.39% s&#7889; validator. Prysm g&oacute;p m&#7863;t v&#7899;i 19.06%, ti&#7871;p theo l&agrave; Teku v&#7899;i 13.71% v&agrave; Nimbus l&agrave; 9.25%.
<img style="height:400px;width:640px;" decoding="async" src="https://assets.beincrypto.com/img/M6WNWHmnTiwoEa9EsmtRE4Mnpj0=/smart/2449c7945d3a4377a6489a5d58c37e2c" alt="Ethereum's Consensus Clients. " class="wp-image-782086">C&aacute;c client &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a Ethereum. Ngu&#7891;n: <a href="https://clientdiversity.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Clientdiversity</a>

T&#7927; l&#7879; c&#7911;a Lighthouse hi&#7879;n ch&#7881; c&aacute;ch ng&#432;&#7905;ng nguy c&#417; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u lo ng&#7841;i kho&#7843;ng 15%.
Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i &#273;ang th&uacute;c gi&#7909;c c&aacute;c validator c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c chuy&#7875;n sang s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c client kh&aacute;c nh&#7857;m gi&#7843;m nguy c&#417; m&#7897;t l&#7895;i ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m s&#7869; g&acirc;y &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7899;i to&agrave;n b&#7897; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a blockchain.

Lỗi Prysm khiến các nhà đầu tư nhỏ lẻ xác thực Ethereum mất hơn 1 triệu USD sau nâng cấp Fusaka

Kh&aacute;ch h&agrave;ng &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n Ethereum l&agrave; Prysm cho bi&#7871;t c&aacute;c validator &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; &ldquo;b&#7887; l&#7905;&rdquo; 382 ETH, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng h&#417;n 1 tri&#7879;u USD, sau khi m&#7897;t l&#7895;i ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; m&#7841;ng ch&#7881; sau b&#7843;n n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p Fusaka g&#7847;n &#273;&acirc;y.
S&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c tr&igrave;nh b&agrave;y chi ti&#7871;t trong b&aacute;o c&aacute;o h&#7853;u ki&#7875;m mang t&ecirc;n &ldquo;S&#7921; c&#7889; Prysm tr&ecirc;n mainnet Fusaka&rdquo;, b&#7855;t ngu&#7891;n t&#7915; vi&#7879;c c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n g&#7847;n nh&#432; to&agrave;n b&#7897; node Prysm b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng, khi&#7871;n m&#7845;t block v&agrave; attestation.
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-what-caused-prysm-s-outage">&#272;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; ng&#7915;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a Prysm?</h2>

Theo Offchain Labs, nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#7913;ng sau Prysm, v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n v&agrave;o ng&agrave;y 04/12/2023 khi m&#7897;t bug t&#7915;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ecirc;m v&agrave;o tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y ra hi&#7879;n t&#432;&#7907;ng ch&#7853;m tr&#7877; trong vi&#7879;c g&#7917;i y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u t&#7915; validator.
Nh&#7919;ng s&#7921; ch&#7853;m tr&#7877; n&agrave;y khi&#7871;n h&agrave;ng lo&#7841;t block c&ugrave;ng c&aacute;c attestation tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n m&#7841;ng b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905;.
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&ldquo;C&aacute;c node beacon c&#7911;a Prysm &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n nh&#7919;ng attestation t&#7915; c&aacute;c node c&oacute; th&#7875; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7891;ng b&#7897; v&#7899;i m&#7841;ng. Nh&#7919;ng attestation n&agrave;y &#273;&#7873; c&#7853;p &#273;&#7871;n block root c&#7911;a epoch tr&#432;&#7899;c,&rdquo; d&#7921; &aacute;n gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch.
</blockquote>

S&#7921; c&#7889; khi&#7871;n m&#7841;ng Ethereum b&#7883; m&#7845;t 41 epoch, v&#7899;i t&#7893;ng c&#7897;ng 248 block b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905; tr&ecirc;n t&#7893;ng s&#7889; 1,344 slot. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng t&#7927; l&#7879; slot b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905; l&agrave; 18.5% v&agrave; khi&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; tham gia c&#7911;a m&#7841;ng gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng c&ograve;n 75% trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh di&#7877;n ra l&#7895;i.
Offchain Labs cho bi&#7871;t l&#7895;i g&acirc;y ra s&#7921; c&#7889; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#432;a l&ecirc;n testnet kho&#7843;ng 1 th&aacute;ng tr&#432;&#7899;c, r&#7891;i m&#7899;i b&#7883; k&iacute;ch ho&#7841;t tr&ecirc;n mainnet <a href="https://vn.beincrypto.com/ethereum-fusaka-upgrade-changes-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sau b&#7843;n n&acirc;ng c&#7845;p Fusaka</a>.
D&ugrave; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; c&aacute;c gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p t&#7841;m th&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;m thi&#7875;u t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ban &#273;&#7847;u, Prysm cho bi&#7871;t &#273;&atilde; b&#7893; sung c&aacute;c thay &#273;&#7893;i v&#297;nh vi&#7877;n v&agrave;o logic x&aacute;c th&#7921;c attestation, &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o l&#7895;i n&agrave;y s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng t&aacute;i di&#7877;n.
<h2 class="bic-gutenberg-heading wp-heading wp-block-heading" id="h-ethereum-s-client-diversity">&#272;a d&#7841;ng client c&#7911;a Ethereum</h2>

Trong khi &#273;&oacute;, s&#7921; c&#7889; n&agrave;y m&#7897;t l&#7847;n n&#7919;a khi&#7871;n c&#7897;ng &#273;&#7891;ng ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; <a href="https://beincrypto.com/ethereum-client-incentive-program-launched-reward-developers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">t&#7853;p trung h&oacute;a c&aacute;c client tr&ecirc;n Ethereum </a>v&agrave; nh&#7919;ng r&#7911;i ro khi ch&#7881; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m duy nh&#7845;t.
Offchain Labs nh&#7853;n &#273;&#7883;nh, s&#7921; c&#7889; c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; c&ograve;n nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n n&#7871;u Prysm chi&#7871;m t&#7927; l&#7879; validator l&#7899;n h&#417;n trong <a href="https://vn.beincrypto.com/ethereum-staking-validator-power-highly-centralized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i validator c&#7911;a Ethereum</a>. H&#7885; c&#361;ng nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng s&#7921; &#273;a d&#7841;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c client tr&ecirc;n Ethereum l&agrave; y&#7871;u t&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng gi&uacute;p ng&#259;n ch&#7863;n s&#7921; c&#7889; lan r&#7897;ng h&#417;n trong to&agrave;n m&#7841;ng.
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&ldquo;N&#7871;u m&#7897;t client chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 1/3 m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i, c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7869; khi&#7871;n x&#7843;y ra m&#7845;t finality t&#7841;m th&#7901;i v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u block b&#7883; b&#7887; l&#7905;. N&#7871;u bug xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n tr&ecirc;n m&#7897;t client chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 2/3, to&agrave;n b&#7897; chain c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; finalize sai,&rdquo; tuy&ecirc;n b&#7889; trong b&aacute;o c&aacute;o.
</blockquote>

D&ugrave; c&oacute; gi&#7843;i ph&aacute;p gi&#7843;m nh&#7865;, s&#7921; vi&#7879;c n&agrave;y v&#7851;n khi&#7871;n nhi&#7873;u &yacute; ki&#7871;n k&ecirc;u g&#7885;i c&#7847;n &#273;&#7843;m b&#7843;o s&#7921; &#273;a d&#7841;ng h&oacute;a c&aacute;c client.
Th&ocirc;ng tin t&#7915; Miga Labs cho th&#7845;y Lighthouse hi&#7879;n l&agrave; <a href="https://beincrypto.com/learn/a-deeper-look-into-the-ethereum-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">client &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n Ethereum</a> chi&#7871;m &#432;u th&#7871; v&#7899;i 51.39% s&#7889; validator. Prysm g&oacute;p m&#7863;t v&#7899;i 19.06%, ti&#7871;p theo l&agrave; Teku v&#7899;i 13.71% v&agrave; Nimbus l&agrave; 9.25%.
<img style="height:400px;width:640px;"decoding="async" src="https://assets.beincrypto.com/img/M6WNWHmnTiwoEa9EsmtRE4Mnpj0=/smart/2449c7945d3a4377a6489a5d58c37e2c" alt="Ethereum's Consensus Clients. " class="wp-image-782086">C&aacute;c client &#273;&#7891;ng thu&#7853;n c&#7911;a Ethereum. Ngu&#7891;n: <a href="https://clientdiversity.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">Clientdiversity</a>

T&#7927; l&#7879; c&#7911;a Lighthouse hi&#7879;n ch&#7881; c&aacute;ch ng&#432;&#7905;ng nguy c&#417; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng m&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; nh&agrave; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u lo ng&#7841;i kho&#7843;ng 15%.
Ch&iacute;nh v&igrave; v&#7853;y, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&agrave; th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n h&#7879; sinh th&aacute;i &#273;ang th&uacute;c gi&#7909;c c&aacute;c validator c&acirc;n nh&#7855;c chuy&#7875;n sang s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c client kh&aacute;c nh&#7857;m gi&#7843;m nguy c&#417; m&#7897;t l&#7895;i ph&#7847;n m&#7873;m s&#7869; g&acirc;y &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7899;i to&agrave;n b&#7897; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7889;t l&otilde;i c&#7911;a blockchain.